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 摘要： [Objectives] To investigate the antibacterial mechanism of Common Cnidium Fruit using network pharmacology. [Methods] Active components and targets of Common Cnidium Fruit were screened and obtained using the TCMSP database and HIT2.0 database. The collected targets were intersected with antibacterial/bacteriostatic targets obtained from the GeneCards database and OMIM database to identify the antibacterial/bacteriostatic targets of Common Cnidium Fruit. The active component-target network diagram of Common Cnidium Fruit was constructed using Cytoscape software and topological analysis was performed. GO enrichment analysis was performed on the target genes using the DAVID database. [Results] Screening yielded 25 active components of Common Cnidium Fruit, corresponding to 77 targets. Analysis identified 25 core antibacterial/bacteriostatic targets for Common Cnidium Fruit. Network analysis indicated that Common Cnidium Fruit may exert antibacterial/bacteriostatic effects through active components such as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and xanthoxylin, while activating the body’s immune regulatory functions by acting on targets including CASP3, PTGS2, BCL2, JUN, and ESR1. [Conclusions] Common Cnidium Fruit may exert antibacterial/bacteriostatic effects through multiple pathways via a mechanism involving multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways.

 摘要： [Objectives] To investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of agarwood essential oil against isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia (MI) in mice. [Methods] Utilizing network pharmacology methods, the active components, targets, and MI-related targets of agarwood were identified. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed on the identified targets. The efficacy and predictive pathways were evaluated using MI mice. Thirty male C57 mice were randomly divided to five groups: the control group (CTL), the model group (MOD), the positive control group (Pro), the low-dose agarwood essential oil group (Y01-L), and the high-dose agarwood essential oil group (Y01-H). Mice in each treatment group received continuous intragastric administration for 14 d. Beginning on day 8, 1 h post administration, mice in all groups except the control group were intraperitoneally injected with ISO at a dose of 10 mL/kg daily for 7 d. The control group received an equivalent volume of normal saline via intraperitoneal injection during this period. One hour following the final administration, blood samples were collected under anesthesia, and the heart was excised and weighed to determine the organ index. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in mouse serum were measured using biochemical assay kits. The protein expression levels of HIF-1α, P-AKT, and P-PI3K were analyzed using Western blot assay. [Results] The results of the network pharmacology analysis identified AKT1, MAPK14, and other targets as common to both agarwood and MI. GO functional analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated a significant association with the HIF-1α signaling pathway. The validation results in mice demonstrated that the active component, agarwood essential oil Y01, effectively inhibited cardiac swelling induced by ischemia. Serological indicators revealed that, compared to the model group, Y01 dose-dependently decreased serum MDA level and LDH activity (P<0.001) while increasing SOD activity (P<0.01, P<0.001). The Western blot assay demonstrated that Y01 significantly upregulated the protein expression levels of HIF-1α, P-AKT, and P-PI3K. [Conclusions] Y01 has the potential to mitigate myocardial injury induced by ischemia through the modulation of the HIF-1α and AKT/PI3K signaling pathways, thereby enhancing cardiac function.

 摘要： [Objectives] To study the differences in antibacterial activity of eight medicinal and edible traditional Chinese medicines Produced in Zhaoqing. [Methods] This study selected eight common medicinal and edible traditional Chinese herbs from Zhaoqing region (Centipeda minima, Lonicera japonica, Vitex negundo, Plantago asiatica, Houttuynia cordata, Hedyotis diffusa, Hylocereus undatus, and Bombax ceiba) to compare their antibacterial activity differences through in vitro antibacterial experiments, and explored the effects of extraction methods and different solvents. For H. undatus and B. ceiba, the antibacterial effects of decoction and ultrasound-assisted extraction on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were compared. For H. diffusa and H. cordata, three different solvents (n-butanol, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane) were used for extraction to analyze the influence of polarity on antibacterial activity (inhibition zone). The remaining four herbs were directly compared for the inhibitory differences of their crude extracts against Gram-positive bacteria. [Results] (i) The ultrasound-assisted extracts of H. undatus and B. ceiba exhibited significantly superior antibacterial effects compared to traditional decoction. (ii) The n-butanol extract of H. diffusa showed 7.5% and 4.5% higher inhibition rate against S. aureus than the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited weak inhibitory effects on E. coli, while extracts from other solvents showed no inhibition. The ethyl acetate extract of H. cordata demonstrated good inhibitory effects against both bacterial strains and outperformed the extracts of H. diffusa. (iii) The crude extracts of C. minima, L. japonica, V. negundo, and P. asiatica all exhibited good inhibitory effects against S. aureus, with C. minima showing the strongest antibacterial activity. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between antibacterial effects and extract concentration. [Conclusions] This study provides optimization strategies for the differential extraction and antimicrobial applications of medicinal and edible herbs.

 摘要： This paper analyzes challenges encountered during the scale-up production of small molecule inhibitors, focusing on synthesis efficiency, solubility/bioavailability, quality control, stability/storage, and side effect prediction/control. To address these issues, targeted solutions leveraging modern technologies are proposed and implemented: synthesis efficiency and purity were significantly enhanced through process optimization, green chemistry principles, and efficient catalysts; solubility and bioavailability were improved utilizing solid dispersion and nano-crystal technologies; process scale-up was optimized with online monitoring systems and continuous flow chemistry, ensuring product quality consistency; computer-aided drug design (CADD) was employed to predict and mitigate potential side effects. These integrated approaches effectively addressed key bottlenecks in the industrial-scale manufacturing of small molecule inhibitors.

 摘要： [Objectives] To explore the synthetic process of PD-L1 small molecule inhibitors, focusing on optimizing key reaction conditions and synthetic routes. [Methods] By analyzing the pharmacophore design of PD-L1 small molecule inhibitors and combining the optimization of synthetic methods and the improvement of reaction conditions, an efficient synthetic process was developed. [Results] Through optimization of reaction conditions, not only were the purity and yield of the products improved, but the inhibitory activity of the compounds was also significantly enhanced. Some compounds demonstrated strong anti-tumor effects in both in vitro and in vivo models. [Conclusions] This study aims to provide theoretical support and technical guidance for the efficient synthesis of small molecule inhibitors, offering new ideas and practical foundations for drug development in tumor immunotherapy.

 摘要： [Objectives] To systematically evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on post-stroke apoptosis in animal models, focusing on key apoptotic markers (TUNEL-positive cells, caspase-3, Bcl-2/Bax ratio) and exploring potential sources of heterogeneity related to EA parameters and the timing of interventions. [Methods] A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library (from inception to July 2025) was conducted to identify randomized controlled animal studies investigating EA in ischemic stroke models (tMCAO/pMCAO). Data pertaining to apoptotic outcomes were extracted, and the methodological quality was assessed using the CAMARADES checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted using random- or fixed-effects models in Stata 17.0, with subgroup analyses for EA timing (pre- vs. post-ischemia) and waveforms (continuous vs. disperse). Heterogeneity among studies was quantified via the I² statistic. [Results] Thirty-two studies were included in the analysis. EA significantly reduced apoptosis, as evidenced by a decrease in TUNEL-positive cells (Hedges’ g=-3.38, 95% CI: -4.09 to -2.67), reduced caspase-3 expression (g=-2.67, 95% CI: -3.35 to -2.00), and an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio (g=2.60, 95% CI: 1.72 to 3.47). Subgroup analyses showed comparable efficacy between pre- and post-ischemia EA (p=0.50) and revealed a non-significant trend favoring continuous over disperse waveforms (p=0.09). High heterogeneity (I²>50%) was observed, which was attributed to variations in animal models, EA protocols, and outcome assessments. [Conclusions] EA demonstrates robust anti-apoptotic effects in stroke models, likely mediated through the PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and TRPV1 pathways. While both timing and waveforms show promise, standardizing EA protocols and conducting translational clinical trials are essential to optimize neuroprotective applications in stroke rehabilitation.

 摘要： [Objectives] To investigate the impact of the compatibility of Bombax malabaricum flowers and Osmanthus fragrans on the analgesic therapeutic effects in mice. [Methods] The analgesic effects of B. malabaricum flowers and O. fragrans, as well as their compatibility at a 1：1 ratio, were investigated using the hot plate test and the acetic acid writhing test. Observations were made regarding the reactions of mice, specifically the licking of their forepaws and hindpaws, both prior to and following drug administration. The duration of these reactions was recorded, and the pain threshold of the mice was assessed following drug administration. Additionally, the frequency of writhing responses was documented following the injection of acetic acid into the abdominal cavity of the mice for 20 min. [Results] The pain thresholds observed in the positive control group, the B. malabaricum flowers group, the O. fragrans group, and the compatibility group were significantly elevated compared to those of the blank control group following 14 d of drug administration (P<0.05). This finding indicates that the positive control group, the B. malabaricum flowers group, the O. fragrans group, and the compatibility group of B. malabaricum flowers and O. fragrans at a 1：1 ratio exhibited analgesic efficacy in mice. Furthermore, the pain thresholds of the B. malabaricum flowers and O. fragrans groups were significantly lower than that of the compatibility group (P<0.05), suggesting that the compatibility group demonstrated a significantly superior analgesic effect compared to the B. malabaricum flowers group in mice. A statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of writhing responses among the five experimental groups： the normal saline group, the positive control group, the B. malabaricum flowers group, the O. fragrans group, and the compatibility group (P=0.01<0.05). Post hoc analyses revealed that the frequency of writhing responses in the O. fragrans group was significantly lower than that observed in both the normal saline group and the compatibility group. Additionally, the frequency of writhing responses in the positive control group was significantly lower than that in the normal saline group. [Conclusions] B. malabaricum flowers and O. fragrans, as well as their compatibility at a 1：1 ratio, exhibits analgesic effects, with the analgesic effect being more pronounced in the compatibility group compared to the B. malabaricum flowers group or the O. fragrans group.

 摘要： [Objectives] To explore the mechanism of action of Tongxieyaofang ultrafine granular powder in treating visceral hypersensitivity in rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) based on enteric glial cells (EGCs). [Methods] Eighty-four healthy male Wistar rats of SPF grade were selected and randomly assigned to seven groups, each comprising 12 rats: a normal control group, a model control group, a traditional Tongxieyaofang granular powder group (4.060 g/kg), three Tongxieyaofang ultrafine granular powder groups at low, medium, and high doses (1.015, 2.030, and 4.060 g/kg of raw drug, respectively), and a pinaverium bromide group (0.018 g/kg). With the exception of the normal control group, all other groups were subjected to an IBS-D visceral hypersensitivity sensitivity model in rats developed by the chronic water avoidance stress method. Three days post modeling, the rats received continuous oral gavage administration for 8 d. Following the treatment period, serum and colon tissue samples were collected from each group. The BDNF level in the serum was quantified using ELISA. Additionally, the protein expression levels of GFAP, BDNF, and TrkB in colon tissues were assessed via Western blot assay. [Results] Compared to the normal control group, the serum BDNF levels in the model control group were significantly elevated (P<0.01). In contrast, each treatment group exhibited a significant reduction in serum BDNF levels relative to the model control group (P<0.01). Furthermore, the protein expression levels of GFAP, BDNF, and TrkB in colon tissue were significantly higher in the model control group compared to the normal control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conversely, these protein expressions were significantly decreased in each treatment group compared to the model control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). [Conclusions] Tongxieyaofang ultrafine granular powder effectively alleviates visceral sensitivity in IBS-D rats and inhibits the activation of EGCs, speculating that its mechanism of action involves the suppression of abnormal EGC activation.

 摘要： [Objectives] To investigate the protective effects of xanthoxylin on acute lung injury induced by D-Galactosamine (D-GalN) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. [Methods] Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a silybin group (50 mg/kg), and three xanthoxylin groups (low-dose, medium-dose, high-dose as 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg), 10 rats per group. The rats were administered for 17 consecutive days, on day 14, all the rats except for the normal group were intraperitoneally injected with a D-GalN (400 mg/kg) /LPS (30 μg/kg) mixture once to establish acute lung injury models. At 72 h after modeling, their serum MCP-1 levels, IL-1β, IL-6, PCT, CRP, TNF-α levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α levels in lung tissue were measured, and lung tissue histological examination were checked by HE staining. [Results] Compared with the model group, the serum MCP-1 levels, IL-1β, IL-6, PCT, CRP, TNF-α levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α levels in lung tissue in xanthoxylin groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and lung tissue injury were alleviated. [Conclusions] Xanthoxylin has protective effects on acute lung injury in rats, and it may be related to the increase of anti-inflammatory capacity and the promotion of lung tissue self-healing.