 摘要： This paper presents an overview of the pathogens, symptoms of damage, patterns of occurrence, and chemical control methods associated with four major pear tree diseases: pear scab, pear ring rot, pear anthracnose, and pear speckle. The objective is to provide valuable references for the scientific and precise prevention and management of diseases in pear orchards, thereby contributing to the production of high-quality and high-yield pear fruits.

 摘要： This paper presents an overview of the pathogens, symptoms of damage, patterns of occurrence, and chemical control methods associated with four major pear tree diseases: pear scab, pear ring rot, pear anthracnose, and pear speckle. The objective is to provide valuable references for the scientific and precise prevention and management of diseases in pear orchards, thereby contributing to the production of high-quality and high-yield pear fruits.

 摘要： [Objectives] To determine the optimal concentration of topping agents applied by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to effectively regulate cotton growth and improve production efficiency. [Methods] A field experiment was conducted in Shihezi City, Xinjiang, employing a randomized block design. Five UAV-based chemical topping treatments were applied at dosages of 0.300, 0.525, 0.750, 0.975, and 1.200 L/hm², designated as H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5, respectively. Additionally, manual topping (CK1) and tractor topping (CK2) treatments, both at a concentration of 0.750 L/hm², were included as control treatments. During the first 20 d following topping, parameters including primary agronomic traits of cotton (plant height, leaf age, number of fruit branches), dry matter accumulation and distribution, leaf area boll load (LAB), root-to-shoot ratio (RSR), leaf mass area (LMA), and leaf area index (LAI) were examined. At harvest, yield components, lint cotton yield, harvest index, and fiber quality were evaluated. [Results] Twenty days after topping, the concentration of the topping agent applied via UAV did not significantly affect cotton leaf age or the number of fruit branches. Additionally, no significant differences in plant height were observed among the five concentration treatments compared to CK2. However, plants treated with H1 exhibited significantly greater height compared to those treated with H5 and CK1, indicating that H1 was the least effective in controlling vegetative growth. Total dry matter accumulation (TDM), boll dry matter accumulation (BDM), LAB, and LMA all demonstrated an initial increase followed by a decrease as the spraying concentration increased. The highest TDM and reproductive organ dry matter ratio (RRDM) were observed in the H3 treatment. No significant differences were found among treatments for LMA, RSR, or LAI; however, LAB and single boll weight were greatest in the H3 treatment. Fiber quality parameters, including fiber length uniformity, micronaire (MIC), specific strength, and fiber maturity, initially increased and then decreased with increasing spraying concentration, whereas fiber elongation rate exhibited the opposite trend. The H3 treatment yielded the highest average fiber length uniformity and specific strength. [Conclusions] At optimal spraying concentrations, UAV-based application more effectively controls vegetative growth, promotes dry matter accumulation and distribution in cotton bolls, increases single boll weight, and enhances the MIC, specific strength, and fiber elongation rate of cotton fibers compared to manual and tractor spraying of topping agents. In summary, the use of UAVs for spraying chemical topping agents is recommended, with a suggested dosage range of 0.750 and 0.975 L/hm².

 摘要： [Objectives] To analyze the evolutionary rates of mitochondrial protein-coding genes across five closely related species of fruit flies, thereby providing a foundation for the molecular identification of these quarantine pests. [Methods] The newly identified species Bactrocera latizona, along with its closely related species within the same subgenus, namely B. atrifemur, B. rubigina, B. thailandica, and B. tuberculata, were selected as the subjects of this study. Utilizing the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of these five fruit fly species, the Ka/Ks ratios of 13 protein-coding genes were calculated to assess their selective pressures and degrees of conservation. [Results] The mitochondrial genome lengths of the five fruit fly species ranged from 15 603 to 15 972 bp. The Ka/Ks ratios of the ND4L and ND4 genes for all species were generally elevated (values of the ND4L gene all exceeding 2), suggesting accelerated evolutionary rates. In contrast, the COX1 gene exhibited the lowest Ka/Ks ratio, indicating it is the most conserved gene among those analyzed. The majority of genes displayed Ka/Ks ratios below 1, implying they are under purifying selection. [Conclusions] Among the mitochondrial genes of five fruit fly species, COX1 is the most conserved, whereas ND4L exhibits the highest rate of evolution. These findings offer theoretical support for the development of molecular markers and the species identification of fruit flies.

 摘要： [Objectives] To analyze the microbial community structure and diversity in the rhizosphere soil of peach trees in the Tangshan area of Hebei Province, identify the dominant microbial groups, and explore their potential ecological functions. [Methods] Amplification sequencing analysis of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of a peach orchard in Qian’an County, Tangshan City, Hebei Province, was performed using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. [Results] The indices of Sobs, Chao, ACE, and Shannon for soil bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of peach trees were all higher than those for fungi, indicating a more uniform and diverse bacterial community structure. At the phylum level, the bacteria with relatively high abundance included Pseudomonadota (28.29%), Acidobacteriota (18.10%), Bacillota (12.17%), and Actinomycetota (11.73%). In contrast, the fungi with relatively high abundance were Ascomycota (64.64%), Basidiomycota (14.22%), and Mortierellomycota (14.09%). At the genus level, the bacteria with relatively high abundance comprised Sphingomonas (5.00%), Priestia (3.38%), Nitrospira (2.05%), etc. The fungi with relatively high abundance included Fusarium (13.13%), Mortierella (12.86%), Tausonia (6.97%), Neocosmospora (4.77%), etc. [Conclusions] This study offers a foundational dataset and theoretical reference for the regulation of rhizosphere microecology and the management of soil health in peach orchards in Tangshan.

 摘要： Under the strategic framework of rural revitalization and agricultural modernization, Xinjiashan Specialty Coffee Base, located in Zaotang Village, Lujiang Town, Longyang District, Baoshan City, has been proactively investigating innovative models for agricultural development. Through extensive communication and collaboration, this base has established close partnerships with research institutions including Kunming University of Science and Technology, Baoshan University, and Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, with a commitment to thoroughly exploring the potential for resource recycling and ecological complementarity. An innovative four-in-one three-dimensional integrated planting system incorporating "coffee, bananas, green manure, and bees" has been implemented. Concurrently, technological and digital management strategies have been comprehensively integrated to improve planting efficiency. Under this model, the proportion of specialty coffee attains 71%, and the per-unit yield is 17% greater than that of the conventional planting model. This approach not only substantially enhances economic returns but also promotes the integrated development of ecological and social benefits, offering a valuable practical example and experiential reference for the specialty and sustainable advancement of the coffee industry in comparable regions.

 摘要： This article examines the intelligent forest sentry system in the Mount Tai Scenic Area, analyzing its applications, accomplishments, and significance in forest fire prevention. It highlights the system’s critical role in enhancing comprehensive forest fire prevention and control capabilities, accelerating emergency response times, and safeguarding the heritage resources of Mount Tai. Furthermore, the system is evolving into a "Smart Forest and Grassland Resources Supervision Platform" that integrates forest fire early warning, ecological environment monitoring, and pest and disease management to promote the sustainable development of forest resources.

 摘要： In the context of rural revitalization and the development of smart agriculture, image classification technology based on deep learning has emerged as a crucial tool for digital monitoring and intelligent prevention and control of agricultural diseases. This paper provides a systematic review of the evolutionary development of algorithms within this field. Addressing challenges such as domain drift and limited global awareness in classical convolutional neural networks (CNNs) applied to complex agricultural environments, the paper focuses on the latest advancements in vision transformers (ViT) and their hybrid architectures to enhance cross-domain robustness and fine-grained recognition capabilities. In response to the challenges posed by scarce long-tail data and limited edge computing power in real-world scenarios, the paper explores solutions related to few-shot learning and ultra-lightweight network deployment. Finally, a forward-looking analysis is presented on the application paradigms of multimodal feature fusion, vision-based large models, and explainable artificial intelligence (AI) within smart plant protection. This analysis aims to offer theoretical insights for the development of efficient and transparent intelligent diagnostic systems for agricultural diseases, thereby supporting the advancement of digital agriculture and the construction of a robust agricultural nation.